Factsheet 10: A Review of Sanitation Regulatory Frameworks for Sweden, Mexico, South Africa and Uganda (PDF 59 KB)

Factsheet 10: A Review of Sanitation Regulatory Frameworks for Sweden, Mexico, South Africa and Uganda (PDF 59 KB)

As far as I can see, Nepal has extremely weak legislation regarding sanitation, and next to no enforcement. Maybe one day.

Factsheet 11: Sweden-China - Erdos Eco-Town Project - Dongsheng, Inner Mongolia (PDF 173 KB)

Factsheet 11: Sweden-China - Erdos Eco-Town Project - Dongsheng, Inner Mongolia (PDF 173 KB)

Interesting project in China where an on-site "waste" management system has been developed in an urban setting. Its new and has some teething troubles, mainly with people adapting to their new toilets, educating unsuspecting guests to their houses how it works, cleaning with a wet brush only and no running water, and some issues of odour from blocked or badly designed ventilation system. But the majority are happy with it and it is of course much cheaper (water, energy and capital costs than the alternative.

Factsheet 12: An Ecological Approach to Sanitation in Africa: A Compilation of Experiences (PDF 159 KB)

Factsheet 12: An Ecological Approach to Sanitation in Africa: A Compilation of Experiences (PDF 159 KB)

"Eco-logical sanitation embraces a phi-losophy which the users must believe in and practice daily. Such an under-standing and practice takes time to fulfil."

the toilet system itself must be thought of, not so much as a dis-posal system, but as a processing unit;

Practical information is urgently needed which will allow those living in rural, peri-urban and even some urban areas of Africa to build and practice the art of recycling nutrients from their own excreta in order to gain better crops and vegetables in their own back gardens....

..It should be remembered that all these eco-toilet systems require a degree of management which is far more demanding than required by users of the normal deep pit latrine or even the flush toilet. This may not always be clearly understood at first. Thus practical hands-on training and dem-onstration are vitally important.

# Factsheet 13: Toilets That Make Compost (PDF 143 KB)

Factsheet 13: Toilets That Make Compost (PDF 143 KB)

Describes 3 toilets:

• simple pit / arborloo (why not just call it a treeloo?): which lasts for approx 12 months before the toilet has to be moved. After moving and filling the pit with soil a short time is waited before planting a tree in the hole.
• double pit: (fossa-alterna, meaning alternating pit or cavity - who named that??) where after 12 months the toilet is moved over a second pit which starts to be filled up. The first pit is covered with soil and left until the second pit has filled. Then the first pit is excavated and the contents, composted, are used as fertilizer. Then the toilet can be moved back and the process continues.
  
• urine diverting: means the addition of a special toilet pan to divert urine which is collected in a sealed container (to prevent nitrogen 'evaporating' as ammonia). Soil and/or some other carbon containing material (wood chips / cardboard) can be added to help the composting process where bacteria fix the nitrogen into a non-volatile form.
  This can be as a modification of the first two, where urine is piped to a buried container or as a raised pedestal toilet with bucket and urine container. In this case, the bucket can be regularly emptied onto a managed compost heap.
  

Additionally it describes adding screened ventilation and other improvements such as a handwashing facility.